1. 过去完成时的概念、构成及基本用法

(1)概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。

(2)基本结构：had＋动词过去分词

1．肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。

he had already been to New York earlier this week.

本周早些时候他去过纽约。

2．否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。

At that time we hadn't met her.

那时我们还没有见到她。

3．疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？

—Had you visited here before?

——你以前参观过这里吗？

4．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？

Where had you been before you came here?

你来这里前还去过哪儿？

(3)基本用法

〈1〉表示在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经发生或完成的动作。

这个动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，这一过去时间可用by, before等构成的短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

[1]I had finished my homework before I had lunch.

午饭前我把家庭作业做完了。

[2]By the time he left the company, he had gained a lot of experience.

到他离开公司的时候，他已经获得了很多经验。

〈2〉表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。

这个动作可能还要延续下去，常与for, since构成的表示一段时间的短语或since引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。

[3]I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

[4]He said that great changes had taken place in his hometown since 2000．

他说自从2000年以来他的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

[点拨]　

[5]He had worked as a chef before he became a manager.

在成为一名经理之前，他做过大厨。

[6]He once worked as a chef, but now he is a manager.

他曾做过大厨，但现在他是一名经理。

[7]He has been a manager for years.

他当经理已经有几年了。

〈3〉表示原计划或打算做某事而事实上没做。

常用动词有：want, mean, plan, hope, suppose, expect, intend等。

[8]They had wanted to offer help but couldn't get there in time.

他们本来是要去帮忙的。

[9]He had hoped to catch the 8：00 bus，but found it had gone.

他原希望赶上8点的公共汽车，却发现那趟车已经走了。

〈4〉固定句式中的过去完成时。

a.It/This/That was the first/second...time that sb. had done sth.

这是/那是某人第一/第二……次做某事。

[10]This was the second time that the musician had toured Europe.

这是这位音乐家第二次在欧洲巡演。

b．用于hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than句式中。

注意：no sooner, hardly/scarcely所在的主句通常用过去完成时，而than和when后的从句通常用一般过去时。

[11]The audience had hardly been seated when the saxophone solo started.

观众刚落座，萨克斯独奏就开始了。

[12]I had no sooner finished my opinion than he cast a broad smile over me.

我刚说完我的意见，他就投给我一个灿烂的微笑。

〈5〉用于虚拟语气中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，常用于wish/would rather/if only/as if/as though等的从句中。

[13]I wish I had not told her the truth last night.

我真希望昨天晚上没有告诉她真相。

[14]I would rather I hadn't attended the party.

我宁愿没有参加这次聚会。

[15]He kept working as though nothing had happened.

他继续工作，好像什么都没有发生过。

即学即练　

[1]When the police arrived, the thieves ________ (run) away.

[2]The troops went to the forest in search of the pilot who ________ (survive) the air crash.

[3]We ________ (paint) the house before we moved in.

[4]She said (that) she ________ never ________ (be) to Paris.

[5]Our plan failed because we ________ (make) a bad mistake.

[6]Tom says he ________ (read) the book twice.

[7]When he was young, he ________ (work) on the farm for three years.

[8]I ________ (plan) to help you, but I was too busy.

[9]—Did you visit the Disneyland of Shanghai?

—I ________ (intend) to, but I decided to stay with my sick mother at the last minute.

[10]It was the first time that she ________ (operate) a sewing machine.

2.过去完成时的被动语态

(1)构成：had been done

(2)用法：

〈1〉表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的被动动作，常与before, by the time等引导的时间状语连用。

?By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.

当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。

〈2〉表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，常与for, since构成的表示一段时间的短语或since引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。

?It was reported that the auction had been advertised for several weeks.

据报道，这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。

〈3〉用在宾语从句中，常放在said，told，thought，wondered等动词过去式的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的被动动作。

?The architect told us that the project had been completed.

那位建筑师告诉我们工程已经竣工了。

〈4〉根据语意可以判断出先后动作的被动语态。

?He did what he had been told to.

他做了别人叫他做的事。

即学即练

①All the tickets ________ (sell) out when they arrived.

②By the time we got to the party, the cakes and fruit ________ (consume).

③The house ________ (pick) up by the hurricane before they took measures.

参考答案：

1．[1] had run　[2]had survived　[3]had painted　[4] had; been[5]had made　[6]has read　[7]worked　[8]had planned

[9]had intended　[10]had operated

2．①had been sold　②had been consumed　③had been picked

高中英语语法之动词不定式作表语

高中英语新人教版选必三Unit2 Healthy Lifestyle课文翻译及音频

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